Analysis of Heart Rate, Perception of Physical Effort and Performance of Individuals with Down Syndrome Submitted to a Protocol of Virtual Games for Home-Based Telerehabilitation.

Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition associated with impairments in several body systems, which may negatively influence the habit of practicing physical activities (PAs), increasing sedentary habits and the risk of comorbidities. Additionally, difficulty in accessing services, financial limitations and lack of interest may interfere with the practice of PAs. Considering the necessity of developing effective treatment alternatives, to increase the possibility of access and the interest of participants, we conducted a study using telerehabilitation with a virtual task to promote PA and analyze the motor performance of DS individuals. Our protocol consisted of 11 sessions of the virtual game called MoveHero. A total of 34 individuals with DS and 34 individuals with typical development participated in the study. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived effort (RPE) were collected at rest and during the game. Our results show that virtual reality presents a great possibility to promote PA and a way out of a sedentary lifestyle for DS individuals, considering the enhancement in HR and RPE found during the protocol for both groups. Moreover, our results show positive outcomes regarding motor performance, with significant improvement in the task with practice, demonstrating that individuals with DS are able to improve their motor proficiency with adequate stimuli in the virtual environment.

The role of volume and intensity on the association between physical activity and mental health among adolescents: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between volume and intensity of physical activity and mental health among adolescents. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 604 Brazilian adolescents. Data were assessed using a self-report questionnaire. The outcomes were suicidal ideation, suspicion of common mental disorders, and negative self-perception of mental health. The independent variables were leisure physical activity at low and moderate-to-vigorous intensities. Volume was analyzed in two ways: any volume (presence vs absence), and volume classified according to amount in minutes of weekly physical activity: inactive (0), low active (1-419), and high active (≥420). Poisson regression was performed to estimate prevalence ratios. RESULTS: Any volume of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was significantly associated with a lower prevalence ratio of all outcomes (PR 0.67 to 0.77). Compared to inactive adolescents, those who were classified as low active for moderate-to-vigorous intensity, presented a lower likelihood of having suicidal ideation, suspicion of common mental disorders, and negative self-perception of mental health (PR 0.70 to 0.76). Furthermore, high active adolescents in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity presented lower suicidal ideation and negative self-perception of mental health (PR 0.62 and 0.57). CONCLUSIONS: The promotion of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity at any volume can benefit the mental health of adolescents, however, no association was evidenced for low intensity physical activity.

The role of volume and intensity on the association between physical activity and mental health among adolescents: a cross-sectional study / O papel do volume e da intensidade na associação entre atividade física e saúde mental em adolescentes: um estudo transversal

Abstract Objective: To analyze the association between volume and intensity of physical activity and mental health among adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 604 Brazilian adolescents. Data were assessed using a self-report questionnaire. The outcomes were suicidal ideation, suspicion of common mental disorders, and negative self-perception of mental health. The independent variables were leisure physical activity at low and moderate-to-vigorous intensities. Volume was analyzed in two ways: any volume (presence vs absence), and volume classified according to amount in minutes of weekly physical activity: inactive (0), low active (1-419), and high active (≥420). Poisson regression was performed to estimate prevalence ratios. Results: Any volume of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was significantly associated with a lower prevalence ratio of all outcomes (PR 0.67 to 0.77). Compared to inactive adolescents, those who were classified as low active for moderate-to-vigorous intensity, presented a lower likelihood of having suicidal ideation, suspicion of common mental disorders, and negative self-perception of mental health (PR 0.70 to 0.76). Furthermore, high active adolescents in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity presented lower suicidal ideation and negative self-perception of mental health (PR 0.62 and 0.57). Conclusions: The promotion of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity at any volume can benefit the mental health of adolescents, however, no association was evidenced for low intensity physical activity.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre o volume e intensidade da atividade física e a saúde mental de adolescentes. Métodos: Estudo transversal que envolveu 604 adolescentes brasileiros. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário autorrelatado. Os desfechos foram ideação suicida, suspeita de transtornos mentais comuns e autopercepção negativa de saúde mental. A variável independente foi a atividade física em tempo livre nas intensidades leve e moderada a vigorosa. O volume foi analisado de duas formas: qualquer volume (presença vs. ausência); e de acordo com a quantidade de atividade física semanal em minutos — inativos (0), pouco ativos (1-419) e altamente ativos (≥420). A regressão de Poisson foi realizada para estimar as razões de prevalência (RP). Resultados: Qualquer volume de atividade física de intensidade moderada a vigorosa foi significativamente associado à menor razão de prevalência de todos os desfechos (RP 0,67 a 0,77). Comparados aos adolescentes inativos, aqueles que foram classificados como pouco ativos na intensidade moderada a vigorosa apresentaram menor probabilidade de ter ideação suicida, suspeita de transtornos mentais comuns e autopercepção negativa de saúde mental (RP 0,70 a 0,76). Da mesma forma, adolescentes altamente ativos na intensidade moderada a vigorosa apresentaram menor ideação suicida e autopercepção negativa de saúde mental (RP 0,62 e 0,57). Conclusões: A promoção de atividade física moderada a vigorosa em qualquer volume pode beneficiar a saúde mental de adolescentes, no entanto nenhuma associação foi evidenciada para a atividade física na intensidade leve.

General Versus Vocational Education in High School: Cross-Sectional Associations with Student's Health.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to analyze the association between course type and health among high school students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with 675 Brazilian high school students. The independent variable was course type (general or vocational) and dependent variables were health characteristics. All information was obtained by a self-report questionnaire and the following health characteristics were analyzed: mental health, physical activity, sedentary behavior, food consumption, daytime sleepiness, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, aggression, and musculoskeletal symptoms. The prevalence ratio (PR) was estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Vocational students presented a higher prevalence in 7 of the 20 mental health symptoms analyzed (PR = 1.21-1.64), daytime sleepiness (PR = 1.39-1.71), and musculoskeletal symptoms in neck, shoulders, low back, and knees (PR = 1.31-1.41), and a lower likelihood of being physically active (PR = 0.59-0.70). Conversely, vocational students showed lower sedentary behavior on TV and videogames during the week (PR = 0.35-0.46), consumption of snacks, cookies, and crackers (PR = 0.56-0.72), and experiences of aggression (PR = 0.13-0.17), all P < .05. CONCLUSIONS: High school can affect students' health distinctly, indicating that intervention programs and health monitoring should be specific to course type.

Covid-19 and the influence of social restriction on physical activity among children and adolescents / Covid-19 e influência da restrição social na atividade física de crianças e adolescentes

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to verify the influence of the procedures adopted to contain the Covid-19 pandemic on the levels of physical activity (PA) of children and adolescents, as well as to check if there are any differences between the sexes and age groups. A quick literature review was carried out by means of a search in journals available in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, using the following keywords: Children, Adolescents, Physical Exercise, Physical Activity, and Covid-19. Of the 449 studies identified, 17 were selected by the criterion of containing data referring to before and during the social restriction period in the same study. With the exception of one article, the synthesis of results indicated a decrease in PA levels and an increase in time spent on screen activities during the social restriction period, in greater proportions for adolescents and for females. Results are similar among countries in the same region than comparing different continents, due to differences in the sociocultural environment in which young people live, mainly encouraged by their guardians. From a public health point of view, there should be a concern about the continuity of this pattern of behavior after the end of the pandemic, which would further increase the risk of already existing problems, such as delays in motor development, overweight, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in adulthood.

RESUMO Os objetivos deste estudo foram verificar a influência dos procedimentos adotados para conter a pandemia da Covid-19 nos níveis de atividade física (AF) de crianças e adolescentes e verificar se há diferenças entre os sexos e faixas etárias. Foi realizada uma revisão rápida de literatura, com busca em periódicos disponíveis nas bases de dados PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science, utilizando as palavras-chaves: Crianças, Adolescentes, Exercício Físico, Atividade Física e Covid-19. Dos 449 estudos identificados, 17 foram selecionados pelo critério de conter dados referentes a antes e durante o período de restrição social no mesmo estudo. Com exceção de um artigo, a síntese dos resultados indicou diminuição dos níveis de AF e aumento do tempo em atividades de tela durante o período de restrição social, em maior proporção para adolescentes e para o sexo feminino. Os resultados são mais próximos entre países da mesma região do que entre diferentes continentes, devido às diferenças no ambiente sociocultural em que os jovens vivem, incentivados principalmente pelos seus responsáveis. Do ponto de vista da saúde pública, deve existir uma preocupação com a continuidade desse padrão de comportamento após o término da pandemia, o que aumentaria ainda mais o risco de problemas já existentes, como atrasos no desenvolvimento motor, sobrepeso, obesidade, doenças cardiovasculares e diabetes na vida adulta.

Sedentary behavior and motor competence in children and adolescents: a review.

OBJECTIVE: To synthesize evidence from studies that analyzed the associations between sedentary behavior and motor competence in children and adolescents. METHODS: Systematic review of original articles that analyzed possible associations between sedentary behavior and motor competence in children and adolescents (3-18 years of age), without restrictions on study design, instruments and analysis protocols. The articles were identified through searches in the PubMed, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, Cinahl, Medline and SPORTDiscus databases, as well as in reference lists. The level of evidence was evaluated according to the amount of studies that reported statistical significance in the associations between the variables and the quality of the articles (risk of bias). RESULTS: Of 2,462 initial studies, 22 composed the synthesis (two interventions, nine longitudinal and eleven cross-sectional studies). Of these, in 13, we observed negative associations between the variables, more often in the age group of seven to fourteen years. In the analysis of risk of bias, the main limitations of the studies were "convenience sampling" and "no description of sample sizing". CONCLUSIONS: The available evidence suggests that sedentary behavior is negatively associated with motor competence in elementary school children, although the evidence is uncertain in the preschool years; the synthesis of results from longitudinal studies suggests that sedentary behavior negatively affects the development of motor competence. It is important that future studies have greater control over sociocultural determinants and deepen knowledge regarding sex and age, as well as the methods and indicators used to evaluate the two variables.

Sedentary behavior and motor competence in children and adolescents: a review / Comportamento sedentário e competência motora em crianças e adolescentes: revisão

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To synthesize evidence from studies that analyzed the associations between sedentary behavior and motor competence in children and adolescents. METHODS Systematic review of original articles that analyzed possible associations between sedentary behavior and motor competence in children and adolescents (3-18 years of age), without restrictions on study design, instruments and analysis protocols. The articles were identified through searches in the PubMed, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, Cinahl, Medline and SPORTDiscus databases, as well as in reference lists. The level of evidence was evaluated according to the amount of studies that reported statistical significance in the associations between the variables and the quality of the articles (risk of bias). RESULTS Of 2,462 initial studies, 22 composed the synthesis (two interventions, nine longitudinal and eleven cross-sectional studies). Of these, in 13, we observed negative associations between the variables, more often in the age group of seven to fourteen years. In the analysis of risk of bias, the main limitations of the studies were "convenience sampling" and "no description of sample sizing". CONCLUSIONS The available evidence suggests that sedentary behavior is negatively associated with motor competence in elementary school children, although the evidence is uncertain in the preschool years; the synthesis of results from longitudinal studies suggests that sedentary behavior negatively affects the development of motor competence. It is important that future studies have greater control over sociocultural determinants and deepen knowledge regarding sex and age, as well as the methods and indicators used to evaluate the two variables.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Sintetizar as evidências de estudos que analisaram as associações entre comportamento sedentário e competência motora em crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODOS Revisão sistemática de artigos originais que analisaram possíveis associações entre comportamento sedentário e competência motora em crianças e adolescentes (3-18 anos de idade), sem restrições quanto ao delineamento de estudo, instrumentos e protocolos de análise. Os artigos foram identificados por meio de buscas nas bases PubMed, Web of Science, Academic Search Premier, Cinahl, Medline e SPORTDiscus, assim como em listas de referências. O nível de evidência foi avaliado de acordo com a quantidade de estudos que reportaram significância estatística nas associações entre as variáveis e a qualidade dos artigos (o risco de viés). RESULTADOS De 2.462 estudos iniciais, 22 compuseram a síntese (duas intervenções, nove longitudinais e onze transversais). Desses, em 13 foram observadas associações negativas entre as variáveis, mais frequentemente na faixa etária de sete a catorze anos. Na análise do risco de viés, as principais limitações dos estudos foram "amostragens por conveniência" e "não descrição do dimensionamento amostral". CONCLUSÕES A evidência disponível sugere que o comportamento sedentário está negativamente associado à competência motora em crianças do ensino fundamental, embora a evidência seja incerta nos anos pré-escolares; a síntese de resultados dos estudos longitudinais sugere que o comportamento sedentário afeta negativamente o desenvolvimento da competência motora. É importante que futuros estudos tenham maior controle sobre os determinantes socioculturais e aprofundem os conhecimentos em relação ao sexo e à faixa etária, assim como dos métodos e indicadores utilizados para avaliação das duas variáveis.

Assessment in the Supine-To-Stand Task and Functional Health from Youth to Old Age: A Systematic Review.

Performance in the supine-to-stand (STS) task is an important functional and health marker throughout life, but the evaluation methods and some correlates can impact it. This article aims to examine the studies that assessed the performance of the STS task of young people, adults and the elderly. Evidence of the association between the STS task and body weight status, musculoskeletal fitness and physical activity was investigated, and a general protocol was proposed. MEDLINE/Pubmed and Web of Science databases were accessed for searching studies measuring the STS task directly; identification, objective, design, sample, protocols and results data were extracted; the risk of bias was assessed (PROSPERO CRD42017055693). From 13,155 studies, 37 were included, and all demonstrated a low to moderate risk of bias. The STS task was applied in all world, but the protocols varied across studies, and they lacked detail; robust evidence demonstrating the association between STS task and musculoskeletal fitness was found; there was limited research examining body weight status, physical activity and the STS task performance. In conclusion, the STS task seems to be a universal tool to track motor functional competence and musculoskeletal fitness throughout life for clinical or research purposes.

Motor learning and transfer between real and virtual environments in young people with autism spectrum disorder: A prospective randomized cross over controlled trial.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, including impaired multisensory integration, which might negatively impact cognitive and motor skill performance, and hence negatively affect learning of tasks. Considering that tasks in virtual environment may provide an engaging tool as adjuncts to conventional therapies, we set out to compare motor performance between young people with ASD and a typically developing (TD) control group that underwent coincident timing tasks based on Kinect (no physical contact) and on Keyboard (with physical contact) environments. Using a randomized repeated cross-over controlled trial design, 50 young people with ASD and 50 with TD, matched by age and sex were divided into subgroups of 25 people that performed the two first phases of the study (acquisition and retention) on the same device-real or virtual-and then switched to the other device to repeat acquisition and retention phases and finally switched on to a touch screen (transfer phase). Results showed that practice in the virtual task was more difficult (producing more errors), but led to a better performance in the subsequent practice in the real task, with more pronounced improvement in the ASD as compared to the TD group. It can be concluded that the ASD group managed to transfer the practice from a virtual to a real environment, indicating that virtual methods may enhance learning of motor and cognitive skills. A need for further exploration of its effect across a number of tasks and activities is warranted. Autism Res 2020, 13: 307-319. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder are known to have difficulties with learning motor tasks. Considering that performing motor tasks in virtual environment may be an engaging tool as adjuncts to conventional therapies, we aimed to estimate performance in tasks regardless of physical touch. Results showed that participants had more difficulty using the non-touch task; however, virtual training improved performance on the physical (real) task. This result indicates that virtual methods could be a promising therapeutic approach for the ASD population.

Competência motora de crianças pré-escolares brasileiras avaliadas pelo teste tgmd-2: uma revisão sistemática / Motor competence of brazilian preschool children assessed by tgmd-2 test: a systematic review

RESUMO O teste de desenvolvimento motor grosso (TGMD-2) é um teste discriminativo e referenciado à norma, usado para avaliar o nível de competência de crianças de 3 a 10 anos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar sistematicamente os resultados de estudos brasileiros que tenham examinado o desenvolvimento motor de pré-escolares usando o teste TGMD-2, considerando as diferentes regiões do Brasil, assim como analisar os resultados relativos aos fatores associados ao desempenho no teste TGMD-2; foram revisadas as bases de dados LILACS e SCIELO usando como descritor o termo "TGMD-2", buscando estudos originais publicados de 2007 a 2018, com texto completo disponível, nos idiomas português e inglês, que avaliaram o desempenho motor em pré-escolares usando o TGMD-2; a extração de dados incluiu os itens: primeiro autor, local, periódico, objetivos, delineamento, características da amostra, resultados de desempenho no teste e fatores relacionados; também foi avaliada a qualidade dos estudos. Os dez estudos incluídos na revisão indicaram diferenças no desempenho motor nas diferentes regiões. Foram encontrados indícios de melhor desempenho motor em crianças de escola particular e que praticam atividade física sistemática e orientada por profissional de educação física.

ABSTRACT The Gross Motor Development Test (TGMD-2) is a discriminant and norm-referenced test used to assess the competence level of children aged 3 to 10 years. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the results of Brazilian studies that examined the motor development of preschool children using the TGMD-2 test, considering the different regions of Brazil, as well as to analyze the results related to the factors associated with the performance in the test TGMD-2; we reviewed the LILACS and SCIELO databases using the term "TGMD-2" as the descriptor, searching for original published studies from 2007 to 2018, with full text available, in the Portuguese and English languages, which evaluated motor performance in preschool children using TGMD-2; data extraction included items: first author, local, periodical, objectives, design, sample characteristics, test performance results and related factors; quality of the studies was also evaluated. The ten studies included in the review indicated differences in motor performance in different regions. Signs of better motor performance were found in children of private school and who practice physical activity guided by a physical education professional.

Physical activity and motor competence in childhood / Prática de atividade física e competência motora na infância

ABSTRACT The objectives of this research were to verify the amount and intensity of physical activity performed by children of low socioeconomic level during weekdays and weekends, to assess motor competence indicators and to verify associations between these variables. A total of 176 children aged 3 to 6 years old participated in the study. They wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days to measure physical activity engagement, while motor competence was measured by means of the Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2). Boys spent more time on total physical activity than girls did (222.5 min x 204 min; p<0.01) on weekdays. For both sexes, daily average time of total physical activity stood above international guidelines on physical activity (≥ 3h of physical activity per day), but there are indicators of delayed motor competence development, especially in object control skills. In conclusion, boys presented higher physical activity engagement indexes compared to girls and had greater motor competence; however, low values for association between physical activity and motor competence suggest that physical activity amount does not necessarily affect motor competence development.

RESUMO Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram verificar a quantidade e intensidade de atividade física praticada por crianças de baixo nível socioeconômico durante dias de semana e finais de semana, avaliar indicadores de competência motora e verificar as associações entre essas variáveis. Participaram do estudo 176 crianças entre 3 e 6 anos. As crianças usaram acelerômetro por sete dias consecutivos para mensurar a prática de atividade física e a competência motora foi mensurada com a utilização do Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2). Os meninos despenderam mais tempo em atividade física total do que meninas (222,5 min xs 204 min; p<0,01) nos dias de semana. Em ambos os sexos, o tempo médio diário de atividade física total ficou acima das diretrizes internacionais de prática de atividade física (≥ 3h de atividade física por dia), porém há indicadores de atraso no desenvolvimento da competência motora, principalmente nas habilidades de controle de objetos. Concluímos que meninos apresentam maiores índices de prática de atividade física do que meninas e possuem maior competência motora, porém, valores reduzidos de associação entre prática de atividade física e competência motora sugerem que a quantidade de atividade física não necessariamente implica no desenvolvimento da competência motora.

Motor competence of schoolchildren from public education in são paulo city, brazil / Competência motora em crianças do ensino público da cidade de são paulo

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess motor competence in children from low socioeconomic status and compare results between sexes and age groups. The study included 529 children enrolled in public schools in the eastern region of São Paulo. The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) was used to assess MC, considering the raw scores and the standard scores (percentiles). The comparison of performance between genders in different age groups was performed using analysis of variance of two factors and chi-square test was used to compare the percentiles distribution (<15, very low MC, 15-30, low MC;> 30, normal MC) between the sexes in different age groups,. In both genders, there were a statistically significant decrease in percentiles classification at older ages. Considering the original classification of the TGMD-2, 76.4% of girls and 70.5% of boys presented a motor competence much lower than expected for age (percentile <15) and in both genders there were a statistically significant decrease in percentiles classification at older ages. These results suggests that it is possible that the quality of environmental stimuli currently available to these children is not sufficient for the development of motor competence.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a competência motora em escolares de baixo nível socioeconômico e comparar os resultados entre os sexos e faixas etárias. Participaram 529 crianças entre 3 e 10 anos de idade matriculadas em escolas públicas na região Leste da cidade de São Paulo. A competência motora foi avaliada por meio do Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD-2) e as análises usaram dados brutos e padronizados (percentis). Foi realizada a comparação do desempenho entre sexos e faixas etárias por meio da análise de variância de 2 fatores e o teste qui-quadrado foi utilizado para comparar a proporção de crianças nos três níveis de classificação (percentil <15, CM muito baixa; 15-30, CM baixa; >30, CM normal). Considerando a classificação original do TGMD-2, 76,4% das meninas e 70,5% dos meninos apresentaram competência motora muito abaixo do esperado para a idade (percentil < 15) e em ambos os sexos houve queda estatisticamente significante nos percentis de classificação nas idades mais avançadas. Esses resultados sugerem que, possivelmente, a qualidade dos estímulos ambientais atualmente disponíveis a essas crianças não seja suficiente para o desenvolvimento da competência motora.

Effects of maturation as a covariate of sex difference on motor competence in adolescents / Efeito da maturação como covariável da diferença entre sexos na competência motora em adolescentes

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate differences between sexes in motor competence (MC) by product- and process-oriented assessments, and examine the effect of maturation as a covariate influencing the MC of boys and girls. The sample comprised 50 adolescents (28 boys), aged 11-17 years (14.02 ± 2.49), from two public schools. The MC was evaluated in three skills (standing long jump, hop and throw) by process- (developmental sequences for body components) and product-oriented assessments (distance, time and speed, respectively). Maturation was evaluated with the peak height velocity (PHV). Sex differences were evaluated using ANOVA and, subsequently, ANCOVA, considering the PHV as a covariate. Boys had better MC in all the skills for product-oriented assessment, and most of body components for process-oriented assessment. After using the PHV as a covariate, the magnitude of differences between sexes increased in most of motor skills for both types of assessments, favoring boys. Considering the effect of maturation on the difference between the sexes in the MC, we emphasize the need to observe the maturation while studying the MC during adolescence.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a diferença entre sexos na competência motora (CM) avaliada por produto e processo do movimento, e analisar o efeito da maturação como uma covariável influenciando a CM de rapazes e moças. A amostra foi composta por 50 adolescentes (28 rapazes), com idade entre 11 e 17 anos (14,02±2,49), provenientes de duas escolas públicas. A CM foi avaliada em três habilidades (salto horizontal, saltito e arremesso sobre o ombro), por meio de medidas orientadas ao processo (sequências desenvolvimentais por componentes corporais) e ao produto do movimento (distância, tempo e velocidade, respectivamente). A maturação foi avaliada com o pico de crescimento em estatura (PCE). Diferenças entre os sexos foram avaliadas com a ANOVA One-Way e, posteriormente, a ANCOVA, utilizando o PCE como covariável. Os rapazes tiveram melhor CM em todas as habilidades nas medidas de produto do movimento e na maioria dos componentes corporais, que mediram o processo do movimento. Após a utilização do PCE como covariável, a magnitude da diferença entre os sexos aumentou na maioria das habilidades motoras para ambos os tipos de medida, favorecendo os rapazes. Considerando o efeito da maturação sobre a diferença entre os sexos na CM, ressaltamos a necessidade de observar a maturação ao examinar a CM na adolescência.

Motor competence and health related physical fitness in youth: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to review the scientific evidence on associations between motor competence (MC) and components of health related physical fitness (HRPF), in children and adolescents. DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: Systematic search of Academic Search Premier, ERIC, PubMed, PsycInfo, Scopus, SportDiscus, and Web of Science databases was undertaken between October 2012 and December 2013. Studies examining associations between MC and HRPF components (body weight status, cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness and flexibility) in healthy children and adolescents, published between 1990 and 2013, were included. Risk of bias within studies was assessed using CONSORT and STROBE guidelines. The origin, design, sample, measure of MC, measure of the HRPF, main results and statistics of the studies were analyzed and a narrative synthesis was conducted. RESULTS: Forty-four studies matched all criteria; 16 were classified as low risk of bias and 28 as medium risk. There is strong scientific evidence supporting an inverse association between MC and body weight status (27 out of 33 studies) and a positive association between MC and cardiorespiratory fitness (12 out of 12 studies) and musculoskeletal fitness (7 out of 11 studies). The relationship between MC and flexibility was uncertain. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the noted associations between various assessments of MC and with multiple aspects of HRPF, the development of MC in childhood may both directly and indirectly augment HRPF and may serve to enhance the development of long-term health outcomes in children and adolescents.

Desempenho em uma tarefa de labirinto no computador na síndrome de Down / Maze computer performance in Down syndrome

INTRODUCTION: These changes are the main causes of deficits in perceptual-motor skills responsible for motor skill acquisition and performance of functional activities. : The current study aimed at verifying the quantitative performance of people with DS in undertaking a computer task to compare the performances of typical development (TD). METHODS: 60 subjects participated in the study, 30 with Down's syndrome and 30 with typical development, matched by sex. Individuals were aged from 10-36. The groups were divided into three subgroups by age: Group 1 (G1) 10-18; Group 2 (G2) 18-25; Group 3 (G3) 25-36. They performed a computer maze task. During the acquisition phase all groups attempted the maze 30 times, and then after 5 minutes they performed 5 repetitions of Maze 1 for the retention phase. Finally, for the transfer phase, they performed five repetitions in Maze 2. The dependent variables were submitted to a group, age group, gender and block ANOVA with repeated measures on the last factor. RESULTS: In acquisition phase there was a significant decrease in movement time (MT) between the first and last acquisition block, but only for the DS-group. In retention, there was a significant effect of Group, and an interaction between Block and Group, indicating that MTs increased from retention to transfer, but only for the DS-group. : It was found that participants with DS improved performance during acquisition and retention, but they had difficulty in performing the transfer of the computational task for a similar situation. The age and gender were not significant in any of the stages of the study.

INTRODUÇÃO: A síndrome de Down (SD) apresenta atrasos nas habilidades motoras básicas provavelmente devido a déficits perceptuais-motores, responsáveis pela aquisição de habilidade motora e desempenho em atividades funcionais. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve por objetivo verificar o desempenho quantitativo de pessoas com SD na realização de uma tarefa de computador para comparar o desempenho com pessoas com desenvolvimento típico (DT). MÉTODO: 60 pessoas participaram do estudo, 30 com síndrome de Down e 30 com desenvolvimento típico, pareados por idade e sexo. Os participantes tinham idade entre 10-36. Os grupos foram divididos em três subgrupos por idade que realizaram uma tarefa de labirinto no computador Grupo 1 (G1) 10-18 anos, Grupo 2 (G2) 18-25 anos e Grupo 3 (G3) 25-36 anos. Durante a fase de aquisição todos os grupos realizaram 30 vezes o labirinto, e após 5 minutos, realizaram mais 5 repetições do Labirinto 1 para a fase de retenção. Finalmente, para a fase de transferência, 5 repetições foram realizadas no Labirinto 2. As variáveis dependentes foram submetidas a ANOVA para grupo, idade, gênero e bloco com medidas repetidas para o último fator. RESULTADOS: Na fase de aquisição, houve uma redução significativa no tempo de movimento (TM) entre o primeiro e último bloco da aquisição, mas somente para o grupo SD. Na retenção, houve um efeito significativo para Grupo, e uma interação entre Bloco e Grupo, indicando que o TM aumentou da retenção para transferência, mas somente para o Grupo SD. CONCLUSÃO: Verificou-se que os participantes com SD melhoraram o desempenho durante a aquisição e retenção, mas mostraram dificuldade em realizar a transferência da tarefa computacional para um situação similar. Idade e gênero não foram significativas em nenhuma das etapas do estudo.

Participation in sports practice and motor competence in preschoolers / A participação na prática de esportes e competência motora em crianças pré-escolares / La participación en la práctica del deporte y la competencia motriz en niños en edad preescolar

Recent theoretical model suggests that motor competence during early childhood is related to one's current and future health status and that practicing sports seems to be playing a special role in creating such competence. This study aimed to compare performance in gross motor skills among preschoolers participating in regular sports practice (SP) and those not participating (NSP), including comparisons by gender. The study uses secondary data from a population-based study of performance regarding the locomotor and object control skills of preschoolers (3 to 5 years old). Preschoolers were assigned to groups SP or NSP, paired by age and sex according to skills: locomotor (n = 54; 30 boys) or object control (n = 37; 17 boys). Analysis of variance showed that the SP group outperformed the NSP one, and there were gender differences only within SP group. Starting to practice sports during early childhood helps to build motor competence and benefits both genders.

Modelo teórico recente sugere que competência motora na primeira infância está relacionada com o estado de saúde atual e futuro e práticas de esportes parecem ser especiais para tal competência. Este estudo comparou o desempenho motor grosso de pré-escolares participantes em práticas esportivas regulares (PE) com o daqueles não participantes nessas práticas (NPE), incluindo comparações entre gêneros. Dados do desempenho em habilidades locomotoras e de controle de objetos foram retirados de um estudo de base populacional com pré-escolares (3 a 5 anos); pré-escolares foram alocados em grupos PE e NPE, pareados por idade e gênero, para as habilidades locomotoras (n = 54; 30 meninos) ou controle de objetos (n = 37; 17 meninos). Análise de variância mostrou que o grupo PE foi melhor que o NPE; houve diferenças entre gêneros somente no grupo NPE. Práticas esportivas, já durante a primeira infância, contribuem para a competência motora, beneficiando ambos os gêneros.

Modelo teórico reciente sugiere que la competencia motriz en la primera infancia está relacionada con el estado de salud actual y futuro; las prácticas deportivas parecen ser especial para dicha competencia. Este estudio comparó el desempeño motor bruto de los niños en edad preescolar que participan en las prácticas deportivas regulares (PD) con los que no participan (NPD), incluyendo comparaciones de género. Se tomaron los datos de desempeño en habilidades locomotoras y control objeto de estudio basado en la población con los niños en edad preescolar (3-5 años); los niños se dividieron en grupos PD y NPD, emparejados por edad y género, según las habilidades locomotoras (n = 54, 30 hombres) o de control de objetos (n = 37, 17 varones). El análisis de varianza mostró que el grupo de PD fue mejor que NPD, hubo diferencias entre los géneros en el grupo NPD. Las prácticas deportivas desde la infancia, contribuyen a la competencia motriz, en beneficio de ambos géneros.

Efeito da idade relativa no futebol / Relative age effect in soccer players

Durante o processo de formação esportiva no futebol, o agrupamento para a composição das categorias competitivas é realizado de acordo com o ano de nascimento. Assim, os jovens nascidos nos primeiros meses do calendário apresentam uma maior idade cronológica, fato que pode proporcionar uma vantagem no desempenho durante os jogos e treinamentos, o que é comumente denominado na literatura esportiva como um efeito da idade relativa. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o efeito da idade relativa em jogadores de futebol das categorias Sub17 e Sub20 da Europa e da América do Sul. Foram avaliados 399 futebolistas participantes dos Mundiais nas categorias Sub17 e Sub20 no ano de 2007, divididos em quartos de ano de acordo com o mês de nascimento: a) janeiro, fevereiro e março; b) abril, maio e junho; c) julho, agosto e setembro; d) outubro, novembro e dezembro. Todos os grupos apresentaram maior tendência em selecionar indivíduos nascidos nos primeiros meses do calendário, sendo mais evidente na categoria Sub17 e na confederação Europeia. Deste modo, a formação esportiva pode estar sofrendo influência do mês de nascimento. O agrupamento etário utilizado nas categorias de base pode proporcionar uma desvantagem transitória em jovens com grande potencial de desempenho.

During the process of sports formation in football, the group for the composition of the competitive categories is done according to the year of birth. Thus, young people born in the early months of the calendar have a higher chronological age, which may provide an advantage in performance during games and training, which is commonly called in literature as relative age effect. The aim of this study was to analyze the relative age effect in soccer players of categories under-17 and under-20 of Europe and South America. 399 football players participating in the World championships categories under-17 and under-20 in 2007 were evaluated, divided into quarters the year according to the month of birth: a) January, February and March b) April, May and June, c) July, August and September, d) October, November and December. All groups showed a higher tendency to select individuals born in the early months of the calendar, which were more evident in the category Sub17 and the European confederation. Thus, the athletic training may affect the influence of month of birth. The age group categories used in the base can provide a temporary disadvantage in young people who have great potential for performance.

Relações entre crescimento, desempenho motor, maturação biológica e idade cronológica em jovens do sexo masculino / Relationship between physical growth, motor performance, biological maturation and chronological age in boys

Os objetivos desse estudo foram: a) comparar o desempenho motor e características antropométricas de jovens em diferentes estágios maturacionais em faixas etárias específicas (10-11, 12, 13, 14, 15-16 anos de idade); b) na faixa etária de 10 a 16 anos, verificar a contribuição relativa conjunta de características antropométricas, das idades cronológica e biológica (estágio de pilosidade) e de medidas de desempenho motor, nos resultados dos testes de SEMO (agilidade), salto horizontal e corrida de 30 m(velocidade). A amostra foi composta por 268 jovens do sexo masculino entre 10 e 16 anos de idade(M = 13,6; DP = 1,5) frequentadores de um programa de iniciação sportiva. O conhecimento do estágio maturacional em que o jovem se encontrava não contribuiu na explicação da variabilidade dos resultados em nenhuma das medidas de desempenho motor realizadas. Concluiu-se que, em jovens de faixa etária semelhante, aqueles em estágios maturacionais mais adiantados tenderam a apresentar uma maior massa corporal e estatura, mas não apresentaram diferenças significantes na maioria das comparações entre as variáveis de desempenho motor nos diferentes grupos considerados.